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He
took the initiative at the beginning and was the guiding spirit of the
relief operations…………………..The energy, and shrewd capacity be
brought to bear on the conduct of affairs made his famine administration
in some respects of pattern, not only to other states but to British
districts.
Col.
Dunlop Smith, Famine Commissioner observed “The main part of the credit
for these satisfactory results in undoubtedly due ………….to your
ruler-The Maharaja whose personal interest in the famine organisation and
energy as evidenced by his recent prolonged tour on horse and camel back
practically unattended and with only two or three small tents through the
desert have never flagged from the onset since six months ago.
…………………………”
According
to Sir Arthur Martindale, A.G.G. Rajputana “…………………..His
Highness was his own famine officer through out the fearful time and he
conducted his campaign with indefatigable energy and skill.”
On
behalf of the Queen of England, Lord Curzon the then viceroy of India in
recognisation of meritorious and humanitarian services relating to famine
operations awarded 1st Class Keshrehind Gold Medal in 1900,
which was very rare honour.
The
harrowing experiences gained from the calamity of unparalleled magnitude
left an unforgettable impression on the mind of the young Maharaja who
resolved in his mind.” That
never again, if human enterprise and skill can prevent it.” Shall Bikaner face such a situation again?
He realized that the solution lay in a twofold development viz.
firstly the Railway which would provided quicker and easier means of
communication both for men and cattle as well as for transport of food
supplies and fodder and secondly irrigation which would bring under
cultivation the vast parched sandy tracts of land and will thus prove a
veritable boon of supply of grain and fodder not only to the area under
irrigation but also to vast surrounding sandy tracts. To this end, he set himself with full determination and zeal, which
resulted in his bringing water from Sutlej now known as Gang Canal to
convert this desert into greenery of Rajasthan.
RAILWAYS:
The
young Maharaja immediately got in touch with the best experts in
development of Railway which was so great that by the end of 1935, A
network of Railway over 1000 miles long was spread through out the desert
state of Bikaner. It would be relevant to mention that the Bikaner State
Railway had the pride of being the biggest Railway in Rajasthan.
IRRIGATION:
As
stated before, the Maharaja realized that if any thing could eradicate the
poverty and famine from this vast tract of sandy land, it would be only by
bringing the irrigation system from adjoining Punjab Rivers. Having been convinced of this fact, he set, with unflinching zeal
and resolute determination, for brining canal in 1903.
In
1903, Maharaja Ganga Singhji obtained the services of A.W.E. Standby who
demonstrated the feasibility of the vast area of the Bikaner State being
brought under irrigation from the Sutlej waters. Meanwhile, in 1905, at the instance of the Central Government, Mr.
R.G. Kennedy draw up in first Sutlej Valley project, according to which
vast tracts of land in the Bikaner State could be brought under
irrigation. However, due to
various objections being raised by the neighboring States of Bahawalpur,
nothing could materialize till 1906, when a decision was taken and
according to which a scheme was sanctioned in 1912. Yet, Bahawalpur was still persisting in that only riparian States
could derive the benefits of river waters. Lord Curzon decided in 1906 that, “river water should be used to
the best advantage of the people of India, without regard to the accident
of their being subjects of an India Chief or in British territory.”
The objection of the Bahawalpur State was accordingly refuted and
after protracted correspondence, a tripartite conference was held and an
agreement was reached and signed on the 4th. Sept 1920. However the area to be irrigated in the Bikaner territory under the
1905 proposals, viz. 18,00,000 acres, was limited to 1,000 Sq. miles under
the final project. The
foundation stone of the Canal Head Work at Ferozepur was laid on the 5th
December 1925 and the work complete in 1927 by constructing 89 miles lined
canal. Lord Irwin, the
Viceroy of India performed the opening ceremony on The 26th October1927.
Maharaja
Ganga Singhji said on the occasion of opening of Gang Canal in year 1927
– “People
are rejoicing to south flow of canal water but he is only happy that his
work has been started and he will be satisfied only when this vast barren
country will be irrigated……….”
The
original idea of the late Maharaja was to take water from Hari-Ke-Pattan,
but for reasons only known to Punjab Government, the water supplied to
Bikaner was not possible from Hari-Ke-Pattan. In spit of that the Gang
Canal had the run of 89 miles, though was at that time the world’s
longest concrete lined canal and the most astonishing thing is that the
Maharaja accomplished this Herculean task within a short period of 7
years, without any central aid or from any other sources.
He
was not satisfied with the coverage of Gang Canal irrigation because
according to him it irrigated only a very little part of his kingdom, so
he soon started Bhakra Nagal Project with a view to get greater area
irrigated and thus the State of Bikaner became a partner in this project.
According to hits, the Bikaner was to got Hydro Electricity from
Bhakra and today the Rajasthan giving Bhakra Hydro Electricity because of
foresight of Maharaja Ganga Singhji in 1937. Preliminary work of Bhakra
was started but on the commencement of the 2nd World war it was
given up an again after the war was over, the work was restarted. Today Bhakra Canal is irrigating greater area of Bikaner.
It
was due to the magnitude of his planning and Herculean courage that this
part of Thar Desert has the largest not work of major irrigation in the
whole of Rajasthan. What tremendous struggle the Maharaja had to make to
get the benefits of the Sutlej waters to the parched tracts of the Bikaner
State territory to mitigate the sufferings of his people can only be
visualized. It is only that gratitude people affectionately refer the
Maharaja as the “Bhagirath” of modern times and have created his state
in Ganganagar to perpetuate his memory.
REFORMS:
1902-
Maharaja Ganga Singhji was a very enlightened Ruler and was ahead of his
times. Though young in age
but matured in Judgment and clear thinking yet in 1902 he separated his
privy- purse and never took more than 10% of the state revenue as his
privy- purse. When he come to
throne the revenue of his state was raised the income of his State to 4
Crores of rupees.
1910:
His
another great desire was that his people should get proper and spacey
justice and in full filament of this object, a chief court was established
in Bikaner in the year 1911 presided over by a Chief Judge who was
assisted by two Judges. Bikaner
was the First State in Rajasthan to take such a step, a progressive
measure.
1912:
1.
Hindi and this order become effective from 1914 replaced Urdu,
being the official language.
2. (REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY) – In conformity with his belief that
the people should be progressively associated with the working of the
Government, he announced that establishment of a Representative Assembly.
It was the first among the Rajasthan and probably second or third
in India.
3. Greater powers and freedom was given to the Municipalities.
They were granted autonomy, were given control over their
finances and the number of municipalities was also increased.
1917:
The
Representative Assembly was given the names of Legislative Assembly with
large powers and the number of its elected members was increased. The new Legislative Assembly building built in the year 1973 was
modern Assembly Hall, of which people were proud.
1920:
CO-OPERATIVE
SOCIETIES: An Act was passed and the first
co-operative society was started. Thus
it was an early as 1920 that the Maharaja had realized the importance of
the co-operative societies in the rural economy.
1921:
A ZAMINDARI BOARD: Was constituted in order to
bring closer the agriculturists and the Government to enable them to
understand each other’s problem and try to meet them. With the creation of Ganganagar as a separate administrative unit,
a Zamindari Board was also created for that area.
1922:
HIGH COURT:
For better dispensation of Justice, the Maharaja established a High Court
with a Chief Justice and two sub-judges by a Edict dated the 3rd
May, 1922 Maharaja Ganga Singhji was again the first prince in Rajputana
to have grated full charter of powers to a High Court.
1927-28:
A LIFE INSURANCE: and
Endowment Assurance Scheme was introduced for the benefit of the
employees. Also, facilities of a Saving Bank were made available to the
people.
1928:
THE
VILLAGE PANCHAYAT ACT NO. III of 1928 was
passed under which the Panchayats were given definite Civil Criminal and
Executive powers.
POSTAL:
The State maintained a very good not-work of
Postal by Camel Dak and camel corps too were used for this purpose except
as some places where the services of mail running carts were utilized.
With the linking of Bikaner with Jodhpur by the Rail in the Year
1891, runners were instructed to cover up chair route distance as far as
possible by the train to avoid delay in transshipment.
Articles
of all description (mostly official) carried during 1883-84 was 163366 but
with the opening of an Experimental Imperial Post Office on 1.7.1884 it
showed gradual increase – The Maharaja provided more facilities to his
subject and the public did not fail to take advantage resulting in the
opening of many more post offices. According
to the official research and the files available in Archives, Postage on
all mails was realized in cash and the State Government issued no postage
stamp. Later
with the adoption of the Postal Unity Scheme between the British and the
State governments, May more reforms were introduced. Lot of new post & Telegraph offices were opened and this
experiment proved to be
a great success. The 1st
British Post Office was opened at Sujangarh. The
new Imperial Post and Telegraph Office was opened at Bikaner on 31st October, 1973 duly equipped with the most modern
Telegraph equipment of that time by Maharaja Ganga Singhji with a golden
key. Sir C.V. Bewoor, the
then Director General of Post & Telegraphs, was there at the opening
ceremony. Sir Bewoor thanked
the Maharaja for the construction of the magnificent building to meet the
increasing demand of the public, Government offices and Commercial class.
The Golden Key with which the New Post Office was opened will be on
view in Exhibition.
EDUCATION:
Maharaja Ganga Singhji fully realized that in
order to equip the people to play their role in the Government, as also
for their advancement in general, their education and health had to be
properly looked after and gave his very careful actuation to the
propagation of education. Wide
diffusion of education in the sandy tracts of Bikaner, where the villages
are scattered and situated far apart as also sparsely populated, was no
doubt, a difficult problem, but to the Maharaja, no difficulty was
un-surmountable and with this motto that defeat should not be accepted at
any cost, it is to his credit that he succeeded not only in establishing a
note work of educational institutions throughout the State but was also
generous to grant a number of scholarships to students intending to purse
higher studies outside the State.
As
early as in 1928 an Act was passed for Compulsory Education in the State
of Bikaner. He
was a great pioneer in the field of education and genuinely believed in
the spread of education and literacy. So, from 1893 onwards, he involved a system thereby each important
town and prominent village had their school and during his stats tours, he
made a point to visit these schools and colleges and to talk to the
students to test their ability.
FEMALE
EDUCATION:
He was a good champion of female
education and in Year
1894 in Bikaner city a girl’s school was established and as the time went by, there was also a college for women. He even
opened school for girls observing puradah so that they may not lack in
education.
MEDICAL:
When Maharaja came to the throne, he found that there was hardly any
hospital and the people had no cravenly very long distances for their
treatment. He decided that
each town should have its own hospital and some of the big villages too
have dispensaries where medicine could easily be made available and in
case of epidemic, immediately aid could be rushed to the rural area.
Because of this planning Bikaner State had very good number of
small hospitals and dispensaries throughout the area of 23000 Sq. miles.
Not satisfied with this, he made a group of hospitals in 1937which
became an ideal for the whole of Northern India. He got best specialize in Surgery, Radiology, Pathology, Physician,
who were second to none in their ability. All medicines were given free to the patients, even the X-ray and
Radium treatment. The indoor
patients were given free food, free medicine, and free clothing and the
cottage wards, which could be hired by well-to-do persons on a nominal
payment of Rs. 2 and 8 Annas per day. A cottage ward consisted of a bedroom for the patient, a kitchen,
bath and W.C. a small room for his relatives and a little courtyard fitted
with electric fan and flush bathroom was provided and no extra charges of
this use of ammonites were made. This
group of hospitals known as Prince Bijay Singh Memorial Hospital (PBM) contains
fully equipped hospital for women for tuberculosis, for children and
X-ray, Radium department etc. Radium
therapy was available for cancer treatment in Bikaner as early as 1937.
These hospitals today are equipped with advanced Cobalt therapy
making Bikaner importance for Cancer treatment. The cancer patients from entire Rajasthan as well as other parts of
India come here. It was the
greatest boon to the people of Bikaner and his greatest services to the
suffering humanity for all time to come.
These hospitals in 1943 were considered as not only the best in Rajasthan
but also perhaps one of the best in Northern India. Maharaja Ganga Singhji had sixth sense and he could always feel in
his inner mind the coming of things which most of his contemporaries could
not even remotely imagine of it. In
the year 1937, the British power was at its climax, and the Princes were
very secure and steady and even most of the India leaders who were
sacrificing their lives for the attainment of freedom could hardly think
that in near future the Mighty power of the British Raj and Princely
ordered would disappear. But
the Maharaja knows that the Princely order and the British Raj were
approaching their end. This is evident from his letter of 21st February,
1937 to Sir Donald Fiald, Prime Minister of Jodhpur, in which he wrote “Let me tell you Sir Donald, that neither the glorified pillars of the
princely order nor the loftiest among the regency bucks are going to
survive these proletarian fire brands, yet the mantle of Centuries old
sovereignty in India is going to fall open them for justice and fair
play……………..…Since neither you nor your colligates think of
throwing the State of Marwar to wolves, you will surely realise that
person of Jai Narain Vyas’ dominance will be required too badly to look
after the millions at large at a time when you will be no more at the helm
of affairs.”
This
observation in this historic letter is almost prophetic. Maharaja Ganga
Singhji was a great Nationalist and always very proud of being an Indian.
He respected the man’s courage that stood for the freedom of the
country. He never shirked
from giving protection even to revolutionaries, like Shri Kumaran and
Swami, the famous Communist leader, Rao Gopal Singh Kharva, Barath Kashri
Singh, Barath Zoraware Singh etc. The
great prominent leaders of India like Shri Gokhle, Mahatma Gandhi, Pt.
Madan Mohan Malviya, Chintamani, Sir Taj Bahadur Sapru, and M.R. Jaikar
etc. were his friends and he always stood by them in their hour of need.
The contribution of Maharaja Ganga Singhji to the cause of freedom
was great and even whilst he was busy with the deliberations in the Treaty
of Versailles; he found time to prepare a note for giving to Lord
Chelmsford and Mr. Montague who were entrusted with the work of giving
India Home Rule. This note be
known as Rome Note and had formed the basic of Montague/Chelmsford
Reforms. He
never liked the interference of the Political Agents in the administration
of the Rulers and had the courage to say that barring a few personal
friends I wish the whole of the political department be blown to pieces.
At one time Lord Jatland, the Under Secretary of State for India said that
“The British had conquered India by the Sword and will retain it so”
The Maharaja immediately refuted it in strong terms and made him withdraw
the remarks. The British
Government did not whole heatedly support the question of India’s
representation in the League of Nation. He had the courage to write that when fight was going on in the
trenches, no question white or black was ever raised then why now such
feelings should be there. Lord
Sinha had come to India earlier and it falls to the Maharaja to fight out
the case. He took advantage
of his friendship with the greatest French Prime Minister Clemeanceau and
with his help; India took the place of honour in the League of Nations.
As
early as 1912, Shri G.K. Gokhala, then renowned patriot bore testimony to
Maharaja Ganga Singhji’s work for the country when he wrote to the
Maharaja on the 25th February saying “Many thanks for the
copies of the replies of the Princes and chiefs to your circular letter
and telegrams and of the communications addressed by your Highness to the
Viceroy, which you have kindly sent ms. I agree with you that the movement
was unqualified success, and I think we have reason to feel satisfied that
we did a good day’s work for our country in inaugurating it. May I kept these copies with me as a moment of our cooperation in
the matter.”
As a Patriotic Indian, the Maharaja fully sympathized with the
aspirations of the people of British India for emancipation. In 1917, when he was selected to participate in the deliberations
of the Imperial Conference he gave expression of his views at a banquet
held in his honour in Bombay on the 7th February, 1917. He realized that he was going to London not only as a Ruler of
Bikaner, or even as a representative of the princes but as a spokesman for
this mother country. He said that whether they come from the territories
of the British India or those of the Indian States, they were all Indians,
and were therefore united in their affection for the mother country and
the well being of their brethren without regard to cast, creed or
community. He said that he
hoped that when the war was over the angle of vision regarding India will
be greatly altered in her favour and that the just claims and aspirations
of India will be met with this frank and open expression of his mind
before an assemblage presided over by the Governor was indeed epoch-making
and was duly appreciated by the press and leading political leaders of the
country. On
the 24th April, 1917 speaking at the lunch given by Empire
Parliamentary Association to the Indian delegation, he said about India is
aspirations” our aspiration is also to see our country under the
guidance of British in material advance on constitutional lines in regards
to masters political and economical.” Here he also dispelled fear that
the Princes will be opposed to any such reform and asserted that on the
contrary, it will be a matter of rejoicing for them. He
retired his view in an interview given to the Times on 10 May 1917 and
urged for an early action in the direction by repeating the old saying
that who gives quickly. His
work as the Imperial was Cabinet and War Council was greatly appreciated
and Lord Grorg praised him as “the wise man that comes from the East.”
The
Maharaja did pioneering works at the conference by bringing nearer the
English people and Indians and in creating and understanding and sympathy
for the aspirations of India. This
was duly appreciated by the Indian press (United India and Native States,
Madras. 7.6.1917, India Princes 14.6.1917 the Indian review 17.8.1917).
On
every other subsequent occasion that come his way, he never lose the
opportunity of espousing to the cause of India’s just aspirations for
the attainment of freedom and asserting that the Princes, rather then be a
barrier in the way, would rejoice at British India’s getting its due,
this is amply born out from his utterances at the various conferences and
committees that he served upon in English and referred to briefly
thereafter.
On
the 15th November 1918 the Viceroy Lord Ch.Imsofrd
telegraphically asked the Maharaja to proceed to London accompanied by
Lord Senha for deliberations of the Press Conference. He left Bikaner on the 20th November, and on reaching
London he was appointed as one of His Majesty’s plenipotentiaries in
regard to India for the peace Conference. During the course of preliminary
discussions, it transpired that the inclusion of India as a member of
League of Nations was being opposed even by the British Empire delegation
mainly on grounds of internal autonomy. Lord Sinha prepared a note for forcefully refuting the arguments
and Maharaja Ganga Singhji also appended a note thereto claming inclusion
of India as an original member and it was this timely action that saved
the day and in plenary session of the peace conference held on 25th
April 1919 India’s name was expressly included as one of the original
members. The Maharaja is one
of the signatories of the peace treaty signed at Versailles on the 28th
June 1919. Another
important question that came up before the peace conference was a proposal
from the Japanese speaking and coloration for racial quality. Though the Empire Delegation appeased this, both Maharaja Ganga
Singhji and Lord Sinha supported it.
The
Maharaja attended the 1924 session of the League of Nations. As the Indian representative on the Health Organisation and
succeeded in India’s gaining a voice on the working of that body by
virtue of securing that the programmed and report of its activities will
be forwarded to international health office at Pairs on which India was
represented.
On
an announcement being made by the Viceroy on the 31st October,
1929 of the intentions of the British Government of convey a Round Table
Conference in London, the Maharaja was the first to realized its
significance and in an interview given on the 2nd November 1929
he said “The Princes realizing fully well that they are bound to their
brethren in British India by ties of blood, race and religion have no
desire to hamper the attainment of Dominion Status by British India or to
be a drag on its constitutional advancement. Nothing is father from their desire than to break up the country
into two discordant halves warring against each other in fratricidal funds
and they look forward to the unity of India as earnestly as their friends,
the political leaders of British India.”
In
1930 it was decided in principle that an Indian head the Indian Delegation
to the League of Nations and Maharaja Ganga Singhji was chosen to be the
leader of the Indian delegation for the League of Nation session held in
Sept. 1930. He was the first
Indian to receive this signal honour. During this session, the Maharaja
also served on two committees of the Assembly, Viz. that on Armament and
Reorganization of the League Secretariat.
In
October 1930, the Maharaja again represented India at the Imperial
Conference and served as a member of the Inter Imperial Relations
Committee. On the conclusion of the visit and on the eve of his departure
for India, the Prime Minister wrote to him saying "The Imperial
Conference Indeed has owed much to you before, seeing that, as long as 13
years ago you took part in its deliberations, in fact, this year as one of
India’s representative again you were the doyen amongst the
representatives present from every quarter of the Empire.”
The
Maharaja was a delegate to the 1st Round Table Conference,
which opened in London on the 12th November 1930. The British India delegates were suspicious about his attitude that
the Indian States representatives might adopt a stand that the Indian
States representatives had to avoid being branded as traitors if they
allowed themselves to be made a barrier in the grant of reforms towards
the attainment of freedom by British India and at the same time safeguard
their own special position. On
the 17th 1913 Sir Tej Bahadur Saproo opened the case for India
and carried conventions. He
applied to the Princes of India to join hands with chair brethren in
British India to establish an All India Federation, Responding; the
Maharaja welcomed the idea of federation with legitimated safeguards.
He said,
"We
of the Indian States are willing to take out part in and our contribution
to the greater prosperity and contentment of India as a whole. I am convinced that we can best make the contribution through a
federal system of Government composed of the States and British India. We
the Princes are Indians, we have our roots deep down in her historical
pasts, we are racy of the soil, every thing which tends to the Honour and
prosperity of India has for us vital concern, and every thing which
retards her prosperity and shakes the stability of her institution retards
our own growth and lowers our stature."
As
a consequence, federation and central responsibility was accepted by the
conferences and the task of working out details was entrusted to a
committee known as federal structural committee. The 1st Round Table Conference adjourned on January
1913. The
patriotic Maharaja was, however, not happy at the congress the main
political party in India, refusing to parties pate in the deliberations of
the Round Table Conference. On
his return to India he therefore, assiduously strived to ensure that the
congress was represented at the 2nd Round Table Conference. His efforts bore fruits and the congress agreed to participate
nominating Mahatma Gandhi as its sole representative. Mahatma Gandhi paid a visit to the Maharaja at his residence.
Devi Bhawan, Bombay and the two had a hart to heart talk. During
the course of this meeting the Maharaja offered to look after the passage
arrangements for Mahatma Gandhi. Eventually, they both sailed for England
by S.S. Mooltan to attend the Conference. He personally intervened four times to save the Banaras University
first time in 1912, when the famous Lord Harding Bomb case and the last
were in 1942.
In
1942 the Banaras Hindu University was closed down as a result of acts of
in disciplined and sabotage by the students, during the freedom movements.
There was no hope of its booing reopened. The Maharaja, who was the pre chancellor of the University from
1922 to 1928 and Chancellor from 1929 till almost the time of his demise,
moved in the matter and was successful in having the university reopened.
The
sums up his services to the cause of India’s Nationalism are such as to
entitle him to an honored place among the ranks of the great Indian
patriots. He had missed no opportunity to press the claims of India for a.
majors of self Government. It
was his voice that assured Britain that the Princes work whole heatedly in
favour of political advance in British India. But for the momentous declaration, which the Maharaja, with the
courage and vision of a patriot, made in 1930 at the First Round Table
Conference, the Courage of events would never have changed. In fact, the Maharaja has been one of the most consistent
Nationalists, whose influences and prestige have always been on the side
of progressive emancipation of his country.
At
a condolence meeting held at the Banaras Hindu University, the form
President of India, Dr. Radha Krishan, then the Vice chancellor of the
University, observed and said, “His interest in the University was
un-bounded. So far as this
University and the promotion of Hindu ideals were concerned, he was next
to none in his enthusiasm. In him we have lost a great patron of the
University, a great friend in whose mature judgment and mellowed
experiences we could ways rely. It will not be easy to get a successor who could take such an
abiding interest in the University."
GREAT
BUILDER:
Maharaja Ganga Singhji was one of the
greatest builders of his times. The
most of the buildings constructed by him are of red sand stone and in
these buildings unique Bikaner Architecture has been developed were there
is a most appealing resemblance of ancient Indian architecture and certain
prominent pictures. Moghul
Architecture as on finds in the majestic buildings in New Delhi namely
Rashtrapati Bhawan, North and South Blocks etc. if one makes an over all
assessment of the number of prominent and magnificent buildings
constructed by Maharaja Ganga Singhji he can be easily compared with great
builders of the Modern India.
It
is important to mention here that in all the buildings as far as possible
local materiel has been used and the work of stone carving, wood carving,
brass carving etc has almost entirely being done by local artiest and
artisans. It
would be proper to say that as the Maharaja advanced in his age he
acquired an international stature. He
was a first Indian to be a full General in any army. He represented India in the Imperial war cabinet and war council,
signed the treaty of Versailles was given the freedom of the city of
London. Edin Burgh and Dublin. He
attended and took very actives part in both the Round Table Conference and
represented India in the League of Nations. He was a profound scholar and a great extempore orator and was
honored with Hon. Degree of D.C.L. at Oxford and LL.D. from Cambridge,
Edinburgh and Banaras Hindu University. He was a great soldier, builder, statesman, and patriot about whom
Lord Linlitoge said – “ The like of him we will never see again.”
The
"Times of India" very appropriately described him as a fine record of heroic
and paramount achievements which was for a major part of his 63 years
devoted with single minded to the service of his people and his country.
In so doing he placed Bikaner on the world map and he became figure
of world distinction.
Maharaja
Ganga Singhji was a very highly decorated eminent ruler of one of the
premier States of India. He
was decorated with the most coveted & exalter orders of G.C.S.I.,
G.C.I.E. G.C.V.O., G.B.S., and K.C.B. LLD. Very few
people have achieved such eminence & rare distinction.
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